Saturday, January 24, 2015

Dillenia indica, Elephant Apple, Avartaki, Kattaral


Dillenia indica L.
Family: Dilleniaceae
Synonyms: Dillenia elongata Miq., Dillenia indica f. elongata (Miq.) Miq., Dillenia speciosa Thunb.

Common name: Elephant Apple, Indian catmon, Hondapara Tree, Ma-tad
Arabic: ديلنيا هندية
Assamese: owtenga ঔটেঙা
Bengali: chalta চালতা
Chinese: 五桠果
Finnish: Intiandillenia
French: Dillénie d'Inde
Hindi: चलता Chalta, Karambel
Kannada: ಬೆಟ್ಟಕಣಿಗಲು Bettakanigalu
Malayalam: Punna, Vazchpunna, Pinnay, മലമ്പുന്ന
Marathi: Mota karmal, Karambel
Nepali: पांच फल Paanca phal, Panca kule, राम फल Ram phal, ठूलो तातरी Thulo tatri
Oriya: ouu ଓଉ
Sanskrit: Avartaki, Bhavya, Bharija. 
Tamil: Kattaral, Ugakkay
Telugu: రేవడి Revadi, ఉవ్వ, ఉప్పు పొన్న, కలింగ, చిన్నకలింగ, పెద్దకలింగ
Thai: มะตาด

Used in Ayurveda and Sidha. Bark, leaves and fruits crushed  and the juice drunk for cough, cold, fever, diarrhea. Dry bark  with seeds of Sesamum orientale made into a paste applied  on blistering boils; bark and leaves used to stop bleeding. Dry  powdered roots of Abroma augustum with bark of Dillenia  indica  and  Terminalia  chebula  given  in  urinary  diseases.  Root febrifuge; a decoction of roots with roots of Ficus auriculata and Urena lobata given in discharge of blood in urine;  a decoction of roots with roots of Glycosmis pentaphylla and  Litsea monopetala given in biliousness; root paste given to  cause abortion. Mucilaginous exudate from fruits applied on  infected parts to kill skin lice; fruit paste applied with ginger  on hydrocele, salted juice of boiled fruits given as an expectorant. Half ripened fleshy calyx pickled and eaten for stomach  disorders. Pounded mixture of kernels of Castanopsis indica  with flower of Dillenia indica and flowers of Musa balbisiana  given  in  blood  dysentery.  Veterinary  medicine,  leaves  of  Cymbopogon  flexuosus   pounded  together  with  those  of  Dillenia indica given to check diarrhea of domestic animals. [CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants]

Leaf  and  bark  as  an  astringent and laxative, the bruised bark, externally  as  a  cataplasm  in  arthritis,  and  the  fruit  juice as a cough mixture, a cooling beverage as  also for toning up the nervous  system. It is considered  a  ‘vata’  suppressant,  ‘pitta’  augmenting  drug in Ayurveda. The fruit  is slightly laxative and induce diarrhoea, if taken  excessively.  The  juice  of  the  fruit,  mixed  with  sugar and water, is used as a cooling beverage in  fevers  and  as  a  cough  mixture  and  also  as  a  cardiotonic. [Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits]

Yajurveda: An important plant; Upavarhana Samhita: the plant  is aphrodisiac and promotes virility; Charaka Samhita: the fruit is  sweet,  acidic,  astringent,  removes  bile,  phlegm,  fetid  and  flatulence; Sushruta Samhita: fruit cardio tonic, tasteful, astringent,  acidic, removes bile, phlegm, fetid and flatulence; Rajanighantu:  green fruit is acidic, pungent, hot, removes wind, phlegm, but the  ripe  fruit  is  sweet,  sour,  appetising and  beneficial  in  colic  associated  with mucous; Matsya  Purana:  decoction of this  plant  can be used as universal antidote for poison; Agni Purana: spraying  water, containing stem extract, on and around the wound caused  by spider bite helps in removing the poison. [Horticultural,  Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]

59 Published articles of  Dillenia indica
1.    A novel 'green' synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles (SNP) using Dillenia indica fruit extract Singh, S., J.P. Saikia, and A.K. Buragohain, Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, 2013. 102: p. 83-85.
2.    Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Dillenia indica (L.) leaves extract Kumar, S., V. Kumar, and O. Prakash, Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011. 47(2): p. 373-378.
3.    Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities of Dillenia indica extract in diabetic rats Kumar, S., V. Kumar, and O. Prakash, Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine, 2011. 9(5): p. 570-4.
4.    Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities of Dillenia indica extract in diabetic rats Sunil, K., K. Vipin, and P. Om, Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine, 2011. 9(5): p. 570-574.
5.    Antidiabetic, h.a.h.a.o.D.i.L.l.e.o.a.i.d.r.K., Sunil, V. Kumar, and O. Prakash, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2011. 4(5): p. 347-352.
6.    Antidiarrheal activity of Dillenia indica bark extract Islam, M.M., et al., International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2013. 4(2): p. 682-688.
7.    Antidiarrhoeal activity of the leaf and fruit extracts of Dillenia indica Rahman, M.S., K.M. Shams-ud-Doha, and R. Roksana, International Journal of Biosciences (IJB), 2011. 1(6): p. 39-46.
8.    Anti-leukemic activity of Dillenia indica L. fruit extract and quantification of betulinic acid by HPLC Kumar, D., et al., Phytomedicine, 2010. 17(6): p. 431-435.
9.    Antimicrobial Activity and Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay of the Leaves Extract of Dillenia indica Linn Apu, A., et al., Journal of young pharmacists : JYP, 2010. 2(1): p. 50-3.
10.    Antimicrobial and toxicity study of different fractions of Dillenia indica Linn. bark extract Alam, M.B., et al., International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2011. 2(4): p. 860-866.
11.    Antinociceptive and Antioxidant Activities of the Dillenia indica Bark Alam, M.B., et al., International Journal of Pharmacology, 2012. 8(4): p. 243-251.
12.    Antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of Dillenia indica L. fruit of Sonitpur, A., India Gogoi, B. J., T. Jambey, and B.C. Goswami, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2012. 3(12): p. 4909-4912.
13.    Antioxidant activity of the extracts from Dillenia indica fruits Abdille, M.H., et al., Food Chemistry, 2005. 90(4): p. 891-896.
14.    ANTIOXIDANT FRACTION FROM BARK OF DILLENIA INDICA Deepa, N. and B.S. Jena, International Journal of Food Properties, 2011. 14(5): p. 1152-1159.
15.    Betulic acid and betulin, t.t.c.o.D.i.L.B., S. R. and A. Chatterjee, Jour Indian Chem Soc, 1962. 39((4)): p. 276-284.
16.    Chemical and biological investigations of Dillenia indica Linn Parvin, M.N., et al., Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 2009. 4(2): p. 122-125.
17.    CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF CEYLONESE PLANTS .12. (+)-3, 5,7-TETRAHYDROXY-3'-METHOXYFLAVANONE (+)-DIHYDROISORHAMNETIN AND 3,5,7-TRIHYDROXY-3',4'-DIMETHOXYFLAVONE (DILLENETIN) - 2 NEW NATURAL-PRODUCTS FROM DILLENIA-INDICA-L Pavanasasivam, G., M. Uvais, and S. Sultanbawa, Journal of the Chemical Society-Perkin Transactions 1, 1975(6): p. 612-613.
18.    CHEMICAL-CONSTITUENTS OF DILLENIA-INDICA LINN AND VITEX-NEGUNDO LINN Mukherjee, K.S. and S. Badruddoza, Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 1981. 58(1): p. 97-98.
19.    Chromotropic behaviours of Chalta (Dillenia indica) fruit mucilage polysaccharide towards some cationic dyes Bhattacharyya, A.K. and G. Bhattacharya, Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 1996. 73(9): p. 463-466.
20.    DIFFERENCES IN FLAVONOID CONTENT BETWEEN FRESH AND HERBARIUM LEAF TISSUE IN DILLENIA Batesmit.Ec and J.B. Harborne, Phytochemistry, 1971. 10(5): p. 1055-&.
21.    DIFFERENCES IN FLAVONOID CONTENT BETWEEN FRESH AND HERBARIUM LEAF TISSUE IN DILLENIA-INDICA-D Bate-Smith, E.C. and J.B. Harborne, Phytochemistry (Oxford), 1971. 10(5): p. 1055-1058.
22.    Dillenia indica (outenga) as anti-diabetic herb found in Assam: a review Apurba, T., et al., International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2012. 3(8): p. 2482-2486.
23.    DRY OZONATION OF 3-BETA, -.D.-C.O.S.O.A.P.T.L.F.D.-I.L.S., E. and T. Hase, Acta Chemica Scandinavica Series B-Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1978. 32(8): p. 623-624.
24.    Effect of Glycolic Extract of Dillenia indica L. Combined With Microcurrent Stimulation on Experimental Lesions in Wistar Rats Migliato, K.F., et al., Wounds-a Compendium of Clinical Research and Practice, 2011. 23(5): p. 111-120.
25.    Effect of hexane extract of Dillenia indica seed on the activity of secreted aspartyl proteinase of Candida albicans and its kinetic studies Reddy, K.H., et al., Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2012. 6(44): p. 5599-5603.
26.    Enzymes inhibition and antidiabetic effect of isolated constituents from Dillenia indica Kumar, S., V. Kumar, and O. Prakash, BioMed Research International, 2013. 2013: p. 382063-382063.
27.    Enzymes inhibition and antidiabetic effect of isolated constituents from Dillenia indica Sunil, K., K. Vipin, and P. Om, BioMed Research International, 2013. 2013: p. 382063-Article ID 382063.
28.    Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect of an Indian fruit: Dillenia indica Munmee, D. and B.P. Sarma, International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy (IJRAP), 2013. 4(4): p. 545-546.
29.    Evaluation of phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Dillenia indica Linn. leaves Bose, U., et al., Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2010. 5(5): p. 222-228.
30.    Extraction, c.a.c.s.o.p.f.D.i.a.A.e.w.m.h.f.d.o.d.d.s.S., H. K., L. Sunita, and L.K. Nath, International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2013. 5(2): p. 827-837.
31.    FLAVANOIDS OF WORMIA-TRIQUETRA-D DIYAPARA-D AND DILLENIA-INDICA-D HONDA-PARA-D DILLENIACEAE-D Subramaniam, G. and M.U.S. Sultanbawa, Ceylon Association for the Advancement of Science Proceedings of the Annual Session, 1971. 27(PART 1): p. 80-81.
32.    Hair waving natural product: Dillenia indica seed sap Saikia, J.P., Colloids and Surfaces B-Biointerfaces, 2013. 102: p. 905-907.
33.    Impact of submerged culture conditions on growth and bioactive metabolite produced by endophyte Hypocrea spp. NSF-08 isolated from Dillenia indica Linn. in North-East India Gogoi, D.K., et al., Journal De Mycologie Medicale, 2008. 18(1): p. 1-9.
34.    In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel mucoadhesive buccal oxytocin tablet prepared with Dillenia indica fruit mucilage Metia, P.K. and A.K. Bandyopadhyay, Pharmazie, 2008. 63(4): p. 270-274.
35.    In vitro anti-oxidant activity of the leaves of Dillenia indica Saha, M.R., et al., Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 2009. 9(4): p. 277-284.
36.    In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity of Dillenia indica Linn. leaf extract Parshuram, S., P. Leena, and K. Vilasrao, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR), 2011. 2(7): p. 1814-1818.
37.    In vitro propagation of Dillenia indica El-Kadder, E.M.A. and H.H. Hammad, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2012. 6(7): p. 452-457.
38.    In vitro Studies on Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Dillenia indica Seed Extract Reddy, K.H., et al., Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2009. 3(2): p. 769-776.
39.    indica, C.f.p.o.o.l.c.i.s.c.D. Shiseido Co Ltd.
40.    ISOLATION OF LUPEOL GROUP OF TRITERPENES FROM DILLENIA-INDICA LINN AND DIOSPYROS-PERIGRINA Sundararamaiah, T., et al., Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 1976. 53(6): p. 638-638.
41.    Lupane-triterpenoids from stem bark of Dillenia indica Ghosh, P.S., et al., Indian Journal of Chemistry Section B-Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry, 2014. 53(10): p. 1284-1287.
42.    Microscopic evaluation and physiochemical analysis of Dillenia indica leaf Kumar, S., V. Kumar, and O. Prakash, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2011. 1(5): p. 337-340.
43.    NEW PENTACYCLIC TRITERPENE LACTONE FROM DILLENIA-INDICA Banerji, N., P. Majumder, and N.L. Dutta, Phytochemistry, 1975. 14(5-6): p. 1447-1448.
44.    northeast, C.a.a.a.r.o.x.p.o.e.a.t.D.i.L.i.r.t.p.a.c.f.g.i.s.-t.w.f.o. and M.G. Liangkuwang, Trees-Structure and Function, 2007. 21(1): p. 101-110.
45.    One step synthesis of methanolic extract useful as an antioxidant in foods, p.a.a.i.u.o.D.i.p.J., B. S., et al. Council Sci&Ind Res India; Council Sci & Ind Res India.
46.    PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDIES OF DILLENIA-INDICA LINN .2. FRUIT AND SEED Shome, U., R.K. Khanna, and H.P. Sharma, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Plant Sciences, 1980. 89(2): p. 91-104.
47.    PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDIES ON DILLENIA-INDICA LINN .1. LEAF Shome, U., R.K. Khanna, and H.P. Sharma, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences Section B, 1979. 88(1): p. 35-&.
48.    Pharmacognostic studies on the stem bark of Dillenia indica Linn Chaudhuri, R.H.N., Bulletin of the Botanical Society of Bengal, 1968. 22(1): p. 55-8.
49.    Physico-chemical changes during growth and development of dillenia ( Dillenia indica Linn) Neog, M. and N.K. Mohan, South Indian Horticulture, 1993. 41(2): p. 115-116.
50.    PIGMENTS FROM THE STEM BARK OF DILLENIA-INDICA Tiwari, K.P. and S.S.D. Srivastava, Planta Medica, 1979. 35(2): p. 188-190.
51.    Preparation and in vitro evaluation of enteric controlled release Pantoprazole loaded microbeads using natural mucoadhesive substance from Dillenia indica L Sharma, H.K., S.P. Pradhan, and S. Babita, International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2010. 2(1): p. 542-551.
52.    Process for preparation of herbal health drink, c.p.o.r.D.i.f., sugar, distilled water and original fruit fragrance in suitable ratio Gogoi, B. J., D.R. Nath, and R.B. Srivastava. India Defense Res&Dev Org.
53.    Processing of ou-tenga (Dillenia indica) fruit for preparation of squash and its quality changes during storage Saikia, L. and J. Saikia, Journal of Food Science and Technology-Mysore, 2002. 39(2): p. 149-151.
54.    Protective effect of Dillenia indica L. on acetic acid induced colitis in mice Somani, S.J., et al., Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 2014. 52(9): p. 876-881.
55.    Role of mucilage in germination of Dillenia indica (Dilleniaceae) seeds Thapliyal, R.C., et al., Australian Journal of Botany, 2008. 56(7): p. 583-589.
56.    STRUCTURE OF A POLYSACCHARIDE FROM FRUITS OF DILLENIA-INDICA Srivastava, B.K. and C.S. Pande, Indian Journal of Chemistry Section B-Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry, 1978. 16(8): p. 662-664.
57.    STUDIES ON ARABINO GALACTAN FROM THE FRUITS OF DILLENIA-INDICA Haq, Q.N. and J. Gomes, Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1974. 9(3-4): p. 184-190.
58.    Studies on hepatoprotective effect of hexane extract of Dillenia indica against CCl 4 induced toxicity and its safety evaluation in wistar albino rats Reddy, K.H., et al., Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2010. 1(3): p. 441-450.
59.    Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation of Dillenia indica Chen, G. and S. Zeng, Plant Physiology Communications, 2004. 40(2): p. 207-207.

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antidysenterica Holarrhena pubescens Holoptelea integrifolia Hosta plantaginea Hoya carnosa Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Hydrolea zeylanica Hygrophila auriculata Hygrophila polysperma Hygrophila schulli Hylocereus undatus Hymenocallis speciosa Hymenodictyon orixense Hyoscyamus niger Hypericum dyeri Hypericum elodeoides Hypericum oblongifolium Hyptis suaveolens Ilex dipyrena Impatiens balsamina Impatiens bracteata Impatiens racemosa Indigofera aspalathoides Indigofera astragalina Indigofera glabra Ipomoea alba Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea marginata Isodon rugosus Ixeris polycephala Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacquemontia pentantha Jasminum auriculatum Jasminum multiflorum Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Juncus thomsonii Justicia adhatoda Justicia brandegeeana Justicia carnea Justicia gendarussa Justicia pubigera Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kallstroemia pubescens Koelreuteria elegans Koelreuteria paniculata Koenigia delicatula Kopsia fruticosa Kydia calycina Kyllinga brevifolia Lablab purpureus Lactuca dissecta Lantana camara Lathyrus sativus Leea aequata Lens culinaris Leonotis nepetifolia Leonurus cardiaca Lepidium sativum Lepisanthes rubiginosa Leucas aspera Leucas nutans Leucostemma latifolium Leycesteria formosa Ligularia amplexicaulis Ligularia fischeri Lilium polyphyllum Linum usitatissimum Liparis nervosa Liquidambar formosana Litsea monopetala Lupinus angustifolius Lycium ferocissimum Macaranga peltata Maesa argentea Magnolia champaca Mahonia napaulensis Malachra Capitata Mallotus nudiflorus Mallotus philippinensis Malva sylvestris Malvastrum coromandelianum Marchantia polymorpha Martynia annua Medicago lupulina Medicinal Plants of India Melilotus indicus Melochia corchorifolia Memecylon edule Memecylon umbellatum Mercurialis annua Meriandra strobilifera Merremia cissoides Mesua ferrea Micrococca mercuriali Micromeria biflora Mikania micrantha Millettia pinnata Mimosa polyancistra Mimosa pudica Mitragyna parvifolia Modiola caroliniana Momordica charantia Momordica cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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