Saturday, October 6, 2012

Heliotropium indicum hathajori shrihastini naga danti tetkotukki thekkada

Heliotropium indicum L.
Family: Boraginaceae
Synonyms: Eliopia riparia, Eliopia serrata, Heliophytum indicum, Heliotropium cordifolium, Heliotropium foetidum, Heliotropium horminifolium, Tiaridium indicum
Arabic: رقيب الشمس الهندي
Bengali: হাতিসুর hatisura
Cebuano: Elepante, Kambra-kambra
Chinese: 大尾摇
English: Indian heliotrope, Indian turnsole, Erysipela plant
Gujarati: હાથી સૂંઢરા hathi-sundhara
Hindi: Hathsura हथसुरा,  हाथाजोड़ी hathajori
Ilocano: Pengñga-pengñga
Kannada: ಚೆಳುಬಾಲದ ಗಿಡ chelubalada gida, ಚೆಳುಮಣಿ ಗಿಡ chelumani gida
Konkani: ajeru
Malay: rumpus ekor kunching, seri bumi, jinkin kala
Malayalam: തേക്കട thekkada, തേൾക്കട (Thanks to panchathavala)
Manipuri: leihenbi
Marathi: भुरुंडी bhurundi
Nepalese: हात्ति सुंडे झार hatti sunde jhar
Oriya: hati-sand
Sanskrit: चञ्चुफल chanchuphala, श्रीहस्तीनी shrihastini, वृश्चिकली vrscikali
Spanish: Bigotitos, Trompa elefante, Lengua de Sapo
Tagalog: Buntot-leon, Trompa ng elepante, Kuting-kutingan
Tamil: தேட்கொடுக்கி tetkotukki
Telugu: నాగదంతి naga danti
Urdu: Siriyari سریاری
Vietnamese: Vòi voi

Dominican Medicinal Uses: The leaves are traditionally boiled in water and taken as a tea or bath for skin conditions including rash, papules, pustules, measles and chicken pox. Clinical Data: In human clinical trials, isolated plant constituents (alkaloids) have been investigated for their anti-cancer effects. Laboratory & Preclinical Data: The leaves have shown anti-inflammatory activity in animal studies, and the ethanolic extract has shown wound-healing effects. In vitro, plant extracts have demonstrated antitumor activity. (Source: Dominican Medicinal Plants: A Guide for Health Care Providers)
Indications: Abscess, Amenorrhea, Aphtha, Arthrosis, Asthma, Bite, Bleeding, Boil, Bronchosis, Calculus, Cancer, Childbirth, Chilblain, Cold, Cough, Cramp, Dermatosis, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Dysmenorrhea, Eczema, Enterosis, Erysipelas, Fever, Furuncle, Gingivosis, Gravel, Hemorrhoid, Hyperuricemia, Inflammation, Itch, Kidney Stone, Leprosy, Leukemia, Malaria, Melanoma, Myalgia, Nausea, Nephrosis, Ophthalmia, Pain, Paroxysm, Pharyngosis, Rash, Rheumatism, Scabies, Sore, Sore Throat, Sting, Tumor, Ulcer, Vomiting, Wart, Water Retention, Wound. (Handbook of Medicinal Herbs)

Action: Plant—diuretic, astringent, emollient, vulnerary. Used as a local application for ulcers, wounds, sores, gum boils and skin affections. Decoction of leaves is used in urticaria and fevers; that of root in coughs. Flowers—emmenagogue in small doses, abortifacient in large doses. Masticated seeds— stomachic. The inflorescences are used by tribals for scorpion bite. The aqueous and alcohol extracts of the plant possess oxytocic activity. The roots contain significant amounts of estradiol, a sex hormone. (Indian Medicinal Plants)

Uses: In Burma, a decoction of the plant is used to treat gonorrhea. In Indonesia, an infusion of the leaves is used to soothe mouth sprue. In Malaysia, a paste of the plant is used to reduce urination, to counteract putrefaction, to treat pyoderma and ringworm infection, and to soothe irritated skin. The plant is used to combat fever, to soothe inflammation, to treat orchit, pneumonia and pulmonary abscesses, to heal ulcers and to assuage liver discomfort. In the Philippines, a decoction of the dried roots is drunk to promote menses. The seeds are used to promote digestion and the leaves are used to treat cholera, malaria, to counteract putrefaction and to heal wounds. (Medicinal plants of the aisa-pacific: drugs for the future?)

This species is occasionally used in Jamaica in the same way as H. parviflorum. Lunan claimed that a decoction is diuretic; that the plant makes a cleansing and healing dressing for wounds and ulcers; and that it may be boiled with coconut oil to make a plaster for scorpion stings and dog bites. In Africa and India it has been employed in the treatment of fevers. skin complaints. boils. sores. ophthalmia. head lice and insect bites. (Medlcinal Plants of Jamaica. Parts I&II)

Indications: Oliguria, haematuria as anti - inflammatory agent and oedema due to renal diseases and other causes. (Medicinal Plants of Myanmar)

Local names: FG Creole: creque coq, crete coq, crete-coq, crete de coq, crete dinde, crete d'inde, herbe a malingres, verveine pian. Guyana: white clary, white cleary, wild clary. Surinam Creole: kakakankan, kaka-kankan, kaka kankan, kakakangkang, kakafowru kankan, koko ding, koko-rode. USES: Whole plant: Boiled and the beverage employed as a heat rash remedy in Guyana. Decoction for thrush, diarrhoea, and frequent excretion of urine. Boiled with Desmodium sp. (ironweed) in a decoction used as a purgative of the reproductive system to function as a "cleanout" for men and women. Used for diabetes and to treat venereal disease in NW Guyana. Leaf: Juice to treat and soothe the pain of conjunctivitis. Leaf-juice mixed with coconut oil and small amount of salt is administered to children for colds, grippe and coughing. Infusion for asthma, ulcers, dysentery, bronchitis, red eyes, boils, stomachic and as an antihaemorrhagic. Boiled with Mikania micrantha for upset stomach. Flower: To control menstrual blood loss; yaws; skin ulcers. (Medicinal Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana))

39 Published articles of Heliotropium indicum
1.    Reproductive activities of Heliotropium indicum isolate against Helopeltis theivora and toxicity evaluation in mice
Dolui, A. K.; Debnath, Manabendra; De, B.; et al. - JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY  Volume: 33   Issue: 3   Pages: 603-607   Published: MAY 2012
2.    Analgesic Activity and Safety Assessment of Heliotropium indicum Linn. (Boraginaceae) in Rodents
Boye, A.; Koffuor, G. A.; Amoateng, P.; et al. - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY  Volume: 8   Issue: 2   Pages: 91-100   DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2012.91.100   Published: FEB 15 2012
3.    A New Insecticidal Compound from Heliotropium indicum Linn.
Dolui, A. K.; Debnath, M.; De, B. - ASIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY  Volume: 23   Issue: 8   Pages: 3438-3440   Published: AUG 2011
4.    Studies on Wound Healing Activity of Heliotropium indicum Linn. Leaves on Rats.
Dash, G K; Murthy, P N - ISRN pharmacology  Volume: 2011   Pages: 847980   Published: 2011 (Epub 2011 Apr 12)
5.    Phytochemical and Insecticidal Screening of The Leaf Extract of Heliotropium indicum L.
Dolui, A. K.; Debnath, M.; De, B. - ASIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY  Volume: 22   Issue: 7   Pages: 5331-5334   Published: JUL 2010
6.    Phytochemical Analysis and Antimocrobial Activity of Heliotropium indicum L and Coldenia procumbens L.
Nethaji, S.; Manokaran, C. - JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY  Volume: 3   Issue: 1   Pages: 195-198   Published: APR 2009
7.    Constituents of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Moringa oleifera Lam., Heliotropium indicum L. and Bidens pilosa L. from Nigeria
Ogunbinu, Akinola O.; Flamini, Guido; Cioni, Pier L.; et al. - NATURAL PRODUCT COMMUNICATIONS  Volume: 4   Issue: 4   Pages: 573-578   Published: APR 2009
8.    Seed germination ecology of purple-leaf button weed (Borreria ocymoides) and Indian heliotrope (Heliotropium indicum): Two common weeds of rain-fed rice
Chauhan, Bhagirath S.; Johnson, David E. - WEED SCIENCE  Volume: 56   Issue: 5   Pages: 670-675   DOI: 10.1614/WS-07-199.1   Published: SEP-OCT 2008
9.    Evaluation of the histo - gastroprotective and antimicrobial activities of heliotropium indicum linn (boraginaceae).
Adelaja, Akinlolu Abdulazeez; Ayoola, M D; Otulana, J O; et al. - The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS  Volume: 15   Issue: 3   Pages: 22-30   Published: 2008-Jul
10.    A new isoflavone glycoside from Heliotropium indicum
Pandey, M. B.; Singh, A. K.; Pandey, D. P.; et al. - JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  Volume: 84   Issue: 10   Pages: 1027-1028   Published: OCT 2007
11.    In vitro micropropagation of Heliotropium indicum Linn. - An Ayurvedic herb
Kumar, M. Senthil; Rao, M. V. - Indian Journal of Biotechnology  Volume: 6   Issue: 2   Pages: 245-249   Published: APR 2007
12.    Antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extract of Heliotropium indicum in vitro
Rajeswara Rao, P.; Nammi, S.; Routhu, K. V.; et al. - Asia Pacific Journal of Pharmacology  Volume: 16   Issue: 3-4   Pages: 121-122   Published: DEC 2006
13.    Composition and antituberculosis activity of the volatile oil of Heliotropium indicum Linn. growing in Phitsanulok, Thailand
Machan, T; Korth, J; Liawruangrath, B; et al. - FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL  Volume: 21   Issue: 2   Pages: 265-267   DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1577   Published: MAR-APR 2006
14.    Studies on antifungal activity of leaves of Heliotropium indicum
Chatterjee, Arkendu; Nanda, U. N.; Tripathi, D. K.; et al. - Indian Journal of Natural Products  Volume: 22   Issue: 1   Pages: 22-23   Published: MAR 2006
15.    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Heliotropium indicum
Souza, JSN; Machado, LL; Pessoa, ODL; et al. - JOURNAL OF THE BRAZILIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  Volume: 16   Issue: 6B   Pages: 1410-1414   Published: NOV-DEC 2005
16.    Alkaloids of Heliotropium indicum
Singh, JP; Pandey, DP; Pandey, MB; et al. - JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY  Volume: 82   Issue: 2   Pages: 175-176   Published: FEB 2005
17.    Enhanced alkaloid production in callus cultures of Heliotropium indicum L and regeneration of plantlets
Datta, A; Narula, A; Bansal, KC; et al. - JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY  Volume: 12   Issue: 2   Pages: 139-142   Published: JUL 2003
18.    Wound healing effects of Heliotropium indicum, Plumbago zeylanicum and Acalypha indica in rats
Reddy, JS; Rao, PR; Reddy, MS - JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY  Volume: 79   Issue: 2   Pages: 249-251   DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00388-9   Published: FEB 2002
19.    Anti-inflammatory activity of Heliotropium indicum Linn. and Leucas aspera spreng. in albino rats
Srinivas, K.; Rao, M. E. B.; Rao, S. S. - Indian Journal of Pharmacology  Volume: 32   Issue: 1   Pages: 37-38   Published: Feb., 2000
20.    Mortality supposedly due to intoxication by pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Heliotropium indicum in a horse population in Costa Rica: A case report
van Weeren, PR; Morales, JA; Rodriguez, LL; et al. - VETERINARY QUARTERLY  Volume: 21   Issue: 2   Pages: 59-62   Published: APR 1999
21.    Organ-specific distribution of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and sites of their formation in Heliotropium indicum
Wirz, C.; Witte, L.; Hartmann, T. - Planta Medica  Volume: 59   Issue: 7 SUPPL.   Pages: A646   DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959895   Published: 1993
22.    CHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HELIOTROPIUM-INDICUM
ANDHIWAL C K; HAS C; VARSHNEY R P - Indian Drugs  Volume: 22   Issue: 11   Pages: 567-569   Published: 1985
23.    A NOTE ON ISOLATION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION OF HELIOTRINE, THE MAJOR ALKALOID OF HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM SEEDS
PANDEY, VB; SINGH, JP; MATTOCKS, AR; et al. - PLANTA MEDICA  Volume: 49   Issue: 4   Pages: 254-254   DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-969865   Published: 1983
24.    ISOLATION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION OF HELIOTRINE, THE MAJOR ALKALOID OF HELIOTROPIUM-INDICUM SEEDS
PANDEY, VB; SINGH, JP; RAO, YV; et al. - PLANTA MEDICA  Volume: 45   Issue: 4   Pages: 229-233   DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-971378   Published: 1982
25.    AMINOALCOHOLS OF PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS IN HELIOTROPIUM SPECIES .2. ACCUMULATION OF ALKALOIDS AND THEIR NECINES IN HELIOTROPIUM-CURASSAVICUM, HELIOTROPIUM-SPATHULATUM AND HELIOTROPIUM-INDICUM
CATALFAMO, JL; MARTIN, WB; BIRECKA, H - PHYTOCHEMISTRY  Volume: 21   Issue: 11   Pages: 2669-2675   DOI: 10.1016/0031-9422(82)83096-3   Published: 1982
26.    DANAID BUTTERFLIES ATTRACTED TO HELIOTROPIUM-INDICUM BORAGINACEAE AN ALKALOID CONTAINING PLANT
SEVASTOPULO D G - Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society  Volume: 75   Issue: 2   Pages: 512   Published: 1978
27.    Developments of Utetheisa pulchella Linn. on Crotolarta juncea and Heliotropium indicum.
Singh, B. N. - Indian J Ent  Volume: 38   Issue: 4   Supplement: 1976   Pages: 398-400,illust.   Published: 1977
28.    PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY OF THE LEAF OF HELIOTROPIUM-INDICUM BORAGINACEAE
DATTAGUPTA S; DATTA P C - Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Research  Volume: 15   Issue: 3   Pages: 141-151   Published: 1977
29.    INDICINE-N-OXIDE - ANTITUMOR PRINCIPLE OF HELIOTROPIUM-INDICUM
KUGELMAN, M; LIU, WC; AXELROD, M; et al. - LLOYDIA-THE JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS  Volume: 39   Issue: 2-3   Pages: 125-128   Published: 1976
30.    DEVELOPMENT OF UTETHEISA-PULCHELLA ON CROTALARIA-JUNCEA AND HELIOTROPIUM-INDICUM
SINGH B N - Indian Journal of Entomology  Volume: 38   Issue: 4   Pages: 398-400   Published: 1976
31.    Danaid butterflies attracted to Heliotropium indicum (Boraginaceae), an alkaloid containing plant.
Amiadi, S.R. - Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society  Volume: 72   Issue: 2   Supplement: 1975   Pages: 585-587   Published: 1976
32.    DANAID BUTTERFLIES ATTRACTED TO HELIOTROPIUM-INDICUM BORAGINACEAE AN ALKALOID CONTAINING PLANT
AMLADI S R - Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society  Volume: 72   Issue: 2   Pages: 585-587   Published: 1975
33.    A MOSAIC DISEASE OF HELIOTROPIUM-INDICUM
SINGH S; VERMA V S - Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz  Volume: 82   Issue: 11-12   Pages: 763-764   Published: 1975
34.    MINOR ALKALOIDS OF HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM L
MATTOCKS, AR - JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY C-ORGANIC  Issue: 5   Pages: 329-&   DOI: 10.1039/j39670000329   Published: 1967
35.    Minor alkaloids of Heliotropium indicum L.
Mattocks, A R - Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkin transactions 1  Volume: 5   Pages: 329-31   Published: 1967
36.    Use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the control of Argemone mexicana L. and Heliotropium indicum L
PANIGRAHI, B. M.; MISRA, G. - SCI CULT  Volume: 28   Issue: (9)   Pages: 426-427   Published: 1962
37.    INDICINE - MAJOR ALKALOID OF HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM L
MATTOCKS, AR; CULVENOR, CC; CROWLEY, HC; et al. - JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY  Issue: DEC   Pages: 5400-&   DOI: 10.1039/jr9610005400   Published: 1961
38.    Floral anatomy of Heliotropium indicum L
SHARMA, RAMJI - AGRA UNIV JOUR RES SCI  Volume: 3   Issue: (2)   Pages: 349-357   Published: 1954
39.    Notes on the Syntomidae of Para, with special reference to wasp mimicry and Fedegoso, Heliotropium indicum (Bora ginaceae), as an attractant.
Moss, A. M. - Entomologist London  Volume: 80   Pages: pp. 30-35   Published: 1947

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antidysenterica Holarrhena pubescens Holoptelea integrifolia Hosta plantaginea Hoya carnosa Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Hydrolea zeylanica Hygrophila auriculata Hygrophila polysperma Hygrophila schulli Hylocereus undatus Hymenocallis speciosa Hymenodictyon orixense Hyoscyamus niger Hypericum dyeri Hypericum elodeoides Hypericum oblongifolium Hyptis suaveolens Ilex dipyrena Impatiens balsamina Impatiens bracteata Impatiens racemosa Indigofera aspalathoides Indigofera astragalina Indigofera glabra Ipomoea alba Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea marginata Isodon rugosus Ixeris polycephala Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacquemontia pentantha Jasminum auriculatum Jasminum multiflorum Jatropha curcas Jatropha gossypifolia Juncus thomsonii Justicia adhatoda Justicia brandegeeana Justicia carnea Justicia gendarussa Justicia pubigera Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kallstroemia pubescens Koelreuteria elegans Koelreuteria paniculata Koenigia delicatula Kopsia fruticosa Kydia calycina Kyllinga brevifolia Lablab purpureus Lactuca dissecta Lantana camara Lathyrus sativus Leea aequata Lens culinaris Leonotis nepetifolia Leonurus cardiaca Lepidium sativum Lepisanthes rubiginosa Leucas aspera Leucas nutans Leucostemma latifolium Leycesteria formosa Ligularia amplexicaulis Ligularia fischeri Lilium polyphyllum Linum usitatissimum Liparis nervosa Liquidambar formosana Litsea monopetala Lupinus angustifolius Lycium ferocissimum Macaranga peltata Maesa argentea Magnolia champaca Mahonia napaulensis Malachra Capitata Mallotus nudiflorus Mallotus philippinensis Malva sylvestris Malvastrum coromandelianum Marchantia polymorpha Martynia annua Medicago lupulina Medicinal Plants of India Melilotus indicus Melochia corchorifolia Memecylon edule Memecylon umbellatum Mercurialis annua Meriandra strobilifera Merremia cissoides Mesua ferrea Micrococca mercuriali Micromeria biflora Mikania micrantha Millettia pinnata Mimosa polyancistra Mimosa pudica Mitragyna parvifolia Modiola caroliniana Momordica charantia Momordica cochinchinensis Morinda citrifolia Morinda pubescens Moringa oleifera Mucuna pruriens Muehlenbeckia platyclada Muehlenbeckia platyclados Muntingia calabura Murdannia nudiflora Murraya koenigii Muscari neglectum Myriactis nepalensis Myristica fragrans Myrtus communis Naravelia zeylanica Nardostachys grandiflora Nardostachys jatamansi Naringi crenulata Nasturtium officinale Nelumbo nucifera Neolamarckia cadamba Nepeta laevigata Nerium indicum Nerium oleander Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum Nigella sativa Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaea pubescens Nymphoides indica Ocimum basilicum Ocimum gratissimum Ocimum kilimandscharicum Ocimum sanctum Oldenlandia umbellata Ononis natrix Ononis repens Ononis spinosa Operculina turpethum Origanum majorana Oroxylum indicum Osteospermum ecklonis Others Oxyria digyna Pachygone ovata Pachyrhizus erosus Paederia foetida Pandanus tectorius Papaver somniferum Passiflora caerulea Passiflora vitifolia Pavetta indica Pentapetes phoenicea Pentas lanceolata Peperomia argyreia Peperomia heyneana Peperomia pellucida Peperomia sandersii Peperomia tetraphylla Perilla frutescens Persicaria amplexicaulis Persicaria barbata Persicaria capitata Persicaria glabra Persicaria nepalensis Phalaenopsis taenialis Phaulopsis dorsiflora Philodendron bipinnatifidum Phlomis bracteosa Phlomoides bracteosa Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthus fraternus Phyllanthus lawii Phyllanthus rotundifolius Physalis grisea Physalis peruviana Picrorhiza kurroa Pilea microphylla Pimpinella anisum Piper betle Piper longum Piper nigrum Pisonia aculeata Pistia stratiotes Pisum sativum Plantago orbignyana Plantago ovata Platanthera edgeworthii Platostoma elongatum Plectranthus barbatus Plectranthus scutellarioides Plumbago auriculata Plumbago capensis Plumbago zeylanica Plumeria rubra Podranea ricasoliana Polemonium caeruleum Polygala crotalarioides Polygala persicariifolia Polygonatum cirrhifolium Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonum amplexicaule Polygonum barbatum Polygonum recumbens Pongamia pinnata Portulaca oleracea Portulaca umbraticola Portulacaria afra Potentilla fruticosa Potentilla supina Premna corymbosa Premna tomentosa Primula denticulata Primula floribunda Primula vulgaris Prunus Amygdalus Prunus dulcis Pseuderanthemum carruthersii Pseudobombax ellipticum Pseudocaryopteris foetida Psidium guajava Psidium guineense Pterocarpus santalinus Pterospermum acerifolium Pterospermum lanceifolium Pterygota alata Pulicaria dysenterica Punica granatum Putranjiva roxburghii Pyrostegia venusta Quisqualis indica Ranunculus arvensis Ranunculus laetus Ranunculus sceleratus Raphanus sativus Rauvolfia serpentina Rauvolfia tetraphylla Reinwardtia indica Rhamphicarpa fistulosa Rhodiola trifida Rhodiola wallichiana Rhododendron arboreum Rhynchosia heynei Rhynchosia himalensis Rhynchosia viscosa Ricinus communis Rorippa indica Roscoea purpurea Rosmarinus officinalis Ruellia patula Ruellia prostrata Ruellia tuberosa Rumex dentatus Rumex hastatus Rungia pectinata Saccharum officinarum Saccharum spontaneum Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma Salvadora persica Salvia involucrata Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvia nubicola Salvia splendens Sambucus canadensis Sambucus mexicana Sambucus nigra Santalum album Sapindus saponaria Saussurea auriculata Saussurea candicans Saussurea obvallata Scadoxus multiflorus Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria grossa Scutellaria repens Sedum oreades Semecarpus anacardium Senna auriculata Senna occidentalis Senna siamea Senna sophera Sesbania bispinosa Sesbania grandiflora Seseli diffusum Sesuvium portulacastrum Setaria verticillata Shorea robusta Sida cordata Sida cordifolia Sida retusa Sida spinosa Sideritis hirsuta Silybum marianum Smithia ciliata Solanum chrysotrichum Solanum erianthum Solanum jasminoides Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum Solanum sisymbriifolium Solanum surattense Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Solanum villosum Sonchus oleraceus Soymida febrifuga Sphaeranthus amaranthoides Sphenoclea zeylanica Spiranthes australis Spiranthes sinensis Spondias pinnata Stellaria media Stellera chamaejasme Stephania japonica Sterculia alata Sterculia foetida Sterculia villosa Stereospermum tetragonum Stevia rebaudiana Striga asiatica Strophanthus boivinii Strychnos minor Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnos potatorum Suaeda maritima Suregada multiflora Swertia angustifolia Swertia bimaculata Swertia cordata Swertia paniculata Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Syzygium alternifolium Syzygium aromaticum Syzygium cumini Syzygium jambos Syzygium samarangense Tabebuia aurea Tabebuia avellanedae Talinum portulacifolium Tamarindus indica Taxus baccata Tecoma castanifolia Tephrosia calophylla Tephrosia purpurea Teramnus labialis Terminalia alata Terminalia catappa Terminalia chebula Terminalia elliptica Terminalia pallida Teucrium botrys Teucrium royleanum Thalictrum foliolosum Thespesia populnea Thunbergia erecta Thunbergia fragrans Thunbergia grandiflora Thymus linearis Tiliacora acuminata Tiliacora racemosa Tinospora cordifolia Tinospora crispa Tinospora sinensis Toona ciliata Trewia nudiflora Tribulus terrestris Trichodesma indicum Trichosanthes cucumerina Trichosanthes palmata Trichosanthes tricuspidata Trifolium repens Trigonella foenum-graecum Triumfetta rhomboidea Tylophora indica Uraria picta Urena lobata Urena sinuata Urginea coromandeliana Vachellia horrida Valeriana jatamansi Vanda tessellata Veronica serpyllifolia Viburnum coriaceum Vicia bakeri Vicia faba Vicia sativa Vigna radiata Vigna unguiculata Vinca rosea Viola rupestris Viscum album Vitex negundo Vitis vinifera Withania somnifera Wrightia tinctoria Wulfeniosis amherstiana Zamia furfuracea Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus mauritiana
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